What Types Of Design Features Improve Readability Of...

What types of design features improve the readability of documents? First, I will address this from the perspective of a math teacher. For students who struggle with math, simply increasing the font size, leaving more white space around each problem, and placing fewer problems on the page make the problems seem easier to solve. Using a less formal font family, such as Comic Sans MS, or a font that appears shorter and wider rather than thin and stretched vertically, also has a positive effect. While Comic Sans MS is not recommended for many professional business documents, it is preferable in this context. As evidence, consider the following homework samples. Which appears, at first glance, the least difficult to solve? Which appears the most challenging? Does one seem more like an unusual, foreign concept? Which one seems the most impersonal? In your opinion, which one seems like it is written by the most caring teacher? Does one sample seem designed for a younger, less exper ienced audience? Keep in mind, all four samples start with identical equations! Clearly, the visual aspects of the problems can influence how the reader feels about attempting the assignment. I assure you, if I use the last sample, students are much more likely to feel confident they know how to get started solving the equations! Second, I will discuss positive features of my church’s Sunday bulletin. The bulletins are sheets of paper with a simple, low-resolution color photo on one side,Show MoreRelatedA Report On The Communication Phase Essay1695 Words   |  7 Pagesonto implementing the system and be guaranteed that our implementation would meet the requirements as long as we followed our design documents and the requirements stayed consistent with our original brief. As we had determined at the early stages of the project, it was unlikely that the requirements would be volatile. 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Service Industry vs Manufacturing Industry in the UK Free Essays

string(95) " shown in various indicators with the shift to more service-oriented sector taking prominence\." The market in which organisations find themselves is continually changing. On the other hand, trade and investments are growing rapidly and overtaking the world output and there is increasing integration of the world economy. Multilateralism is constantly threatening and regionalism is stronger in Europe, Asia and America than ever before. We will write a custom essay sample on Service Industry vs Manufacturing Industry in the UK or any similar topic only for you Order Now This continuous structural change in world economies indicates the variations in the relative size of each sector which can be seen in terms of changes in output, employment and productivity. ECONOMY STRUCTURES Economies can be divided into three categories: Primary, Secondary and Tertiary. The primary economy includes all activities related to the extraction of natural resources e. g. mining, farming etc. The secondary economy includes activities related to the production of goods and processing of materials which have manufacturing as its major component. It also includes the construction sector and utilities sector. The tertiary sector includes both the private and public services such financial industry, health, defence and other services related sectors. http://tutor2u. net/business/gcse/external_environment_economic_sectors. tm accessed on 31st November 2009. MANUFACTURING INDUSTRY IN BRITAIN Industry is defined as a group of firms producing similar products with boundary of an industry determined by a gap in the chain of substitutes. All sectors of the economy can be referred to as an industry but emphasis lay with the secondary sector which is widely regarded as the manufacturing se ctor. Roger Cox (2009) Concerns have been raised over the competitiveness and continued decline of Britain’s manufacturing base. This de-industrialisation has continually raised questions whether it can seriously damage the country’s wealth. The concerns about manufacturing have been reflected in trends in various statistical indicators especially the shift away from manufacturing towards services, the productivity gap between Britain and its major international competitors. Malcolm Sawyer (2009) clearly stated that the value of manufacturing output in Britain has continued to rise slowly in the last half century, but the share of manufacturing in the total output is what has declined not the absolute amount. DE-INDUSTRIALISATION IN BRITAIN The trade balance in manufactured goods moved into deficit in 1983 for the first time since the Industrial revolution of the early 90’s. This could be attributed to the gradual movement of the economy from manufacturing to more service-oriented economies. This experience is not unique to Britain alone, over the period 1970 to 1990, the share of manufacturing in the national output declined in all major industrial nations while that of services increased. By 1990, the share of manufacturing in the GDP among major economies had declined with Britain coming sixth behind Japan, Germany, USA, and France. Mark C. Corri F. (1998) De-industrialisation can be viewed in a number of ways: ?The decline in employment, in both absolute and relative terms. The decline in the share of national output contributed by the sector. ?The decline in the country’s share of world manufacturing output or exports. ? The failure due to poor export performance or increased import penetration to generate sufficient export to finance a full employment level of imports. Office for National Statistics ONS figures for the last quarter of 2008 shows a decline of 10. 4% lower than the figures from the previous year with output decreasing in 12 out of 13 sub-sectors. Significant decreases were recorded in the metal industries, transport industries and in machinery and equipments industries 11. 4%, 10. % and 9. 8% respectively. http://www. fundstrategy. co. uk/news/british-manufacturing-slumps/182454. article accessed 25th of November 2009. In Britain, the fall in the demand for labour is associated with a reduction in output until 1987 and probably a rise in the wage level relative to the price of other factors. The decline in manufacturing employment means that its share of total employment has also declined over that period of time with employment in the service industry sector growing at a faster rate. A growth rate of over 7% was recorded in the 1980’s in the service sector with manufacturing falling by over 20%. Shares of world trade in manufactures and deindustrialisation. (%) 195019601970197919901991 France9. 99. 68. 710. 59. 710 Germany7. 319. 319. 820. 920. 220 Japan3. 46. 911. 713. 715. 917 UK25. 516. 510. 89. 18. 69 USA27. 321. 618. 616. 016. 018 Office for National Statistics (1991), Monthly review of External Trade statistics. London Manufacturing’s problems began with the misguided notion that Britain should become a â€Å"post-industrial† economy: that we would focus on services and the creation of ideas, with other nations taking on the less attractive task of making the finished product. The results speak for themselves. Manufacturing now generates just 13% of GDP, compared with 32% in 1970. John Rose, http://web. ebscohost. com/ehost/detail? vid=3hid=11sid=81119b4e-a750-4e4f-8fdc-3d2366c3f5e4@sessionmgr12bdata=JnNpdGU9ZWhvc3QtbGl2ZQ%3d%3d#db=bthAN=35824528 accessed on 22 November 2009. In the period 1980 to 2000, the manufacturing base in Britain was on a steady decline. Government argued that the reducing contribution made by the manufacturing towards GDP will be made up for by the service industry but further researches shows that the assumption was misjudged. Figures show deficits on goods moving from +? 1. 3 billion to -? 30. 4 billion creating a ? 31. 7 billion deficit not covered by the service industry. This Industrial decline was accelerated by increased competition from cheaper imports and the outsourcing to low cost economies which saw a free fall in different high profile companies closing down, downsizing or relocating to low cost economies. http://web. ebscohost. com/ehost/detail? vid=3hid=11sid=81119b4e-a750-4e4f-8fdc-3d2366c3f5e4@sessionmgr12bdata=JnNpdGU9ZWhvc3QtbGl2ZQ%3d%3d#db=bthAN=35457939 accessed on 26th November 2009. John S Mark S (2004) clearly states that the deindustrialisation in Britain has not being affecting the whole of the manufacturing sector, certain sectors mainly instruments and electrical engineering industries has witnessed a tremendous rise in production and they are among the fastest growing in the economy but industries like the metal industries have witnessed a substantial decline in their productivity. EMPLOYMENT FIGURES WITHIN THE INDUSTRIES This sector underwent a significant growth in the early 80’s in the EU during the post industrial phase of economic development. The doubts about manufacturing sector have been shown in various indicators with the shift to more service-oriented sector taking prominence. You read "Service Industry vs Manufacturing Industry in the UK" in category "Papers" It has been argued that the decline in Britain’s manufacturing sector should not be a cause for concern but rather the offset of expansion of other sectors of the economy especially the Service industry. The service sector witnessed a rapid increase in employment with the financial sector gaining rapidly on the manufacturing sector. In 1971, the workforce in the manufacturing industry has shrunk by around 4 million with the service industry recording a growth of around 3. million. By 1994, while about 46 million people where employed in the manufacturing sector, about 55 million and 28 million people where employed in the private and public services sector respectively representing about 64% of the total employment figure within the EU. Andrew Taylor of financial times reported that over a century beginning from the first production in 1907 to 2007, the manufacturing sector employment figures has fallen from 7 million to 3 million while women not account to 23% compared to the 25% at the onset. The mining sector used to account for about three-quarters of the employment with figures about 837,000 but now employs around 10,000 accounting for just around 1% of the employment figures. The aerospace industry, a section of the service industry which was non-existent at the beginning of the century now employs about 100,000. Mark C. Corri F. (1998) http://web. ebscohost. com/ehost/pdf? vid=5hid=9sid=537cf987-eae7-4a54-a771-43527c9111f7@sessionmgr10 accessed 1st December 2009. SERVICE SECTOR GROWTH IN BRITAIN In the post industrialisation era in EU, economies including the UK witness a boom in the service sector with significant growth in the financial services sector and the aerospace industries. Between 1979 and 1993, there was a rise from 7 to 13 percentages in service sector employment rate. In more recent surveys, the services industry across banking to airliners has shown growth rates in February that represent a five month high, as companies have raised their prices. This is a positive sign that suggests that the predicted slowdown as espoused by the Bank of England has yet to materialize. The Chartered Institute of Purchasing and Supply revealed that index prices are up by 1. 5 percent since September 2007 whilst the report also indicated that the economy has maintained its current momentum. http://www. investmentmarkets. co. uk/20080305-1705. html accessed on 23rd of November, 2009. The measurement of service industry depends on the way it is defined, either value or volume wise. Outsourcing has been a major component in promoting service sector. Manufacturing companies outsources most of its functions like finances, design and other little services to focus on its core competencies and all this in turn increases activities within the service industry and the employment figures reducing its manufacturing counterpart in correspondence. The rise of services is due also to changing economies within the EU, limited competitiveness of traditional industrial production. Financial Times. (2009) AEROSPACE INDUSTRY IN BRITAIN The UK aerospace industry (UKAI) remains one of the most successful sectors of UK manufacturing. In 2003, the UKAI accounted for 0. 6 percent of UK gross value added (GVA) and four percent of value added by the UK’s manufacturing industry as a whole. The UKAI is also one of the UK’s major export sectors, generating a trade surplus of just over ? 2. 5 billion in 2003, compared with manufacturing overall, which had a trade deficit. The UKAI provides direct and indirect employment in the UK for around 255,000 people. Although productivity levels in the UKAI are generally higher than the UK average, they Remain disappointing when compared to the industry’s main international competitors. However, there are signs that UKAI productivity growth is beginning to outpace these competitors. There are also evidences to suggest that there will be a further challenge for The UKAI as competition from emerging economies is growing. The growth of the United Kingdom aerospace industry illustrates the changing trends in globalisation, industrialisation and service delivery. From a virtually non-existent sector around a century ago, the UKAI has grown so much in the last twenty years and captured about 10% of the world market in aerospace and accounted for just over 4% of UK anufactured output and directly contributed just over ? 5. 5 billion to UK gross value added (GVA)1 in 2002. In 2003, the UKAI directly employed just fewer than 122,000 people, 0. 4% of total UK employment and 3% of total manufacturing employment. An additional 150,000 people have been estimated to be indirectly employed by the industry. UKAI productivity was ? 54,000 per head in 2001, 50% higher than the UK average and 35 percent higher than for manufacturing as a whole. http://www. publications. parliament. uk/pa/cm200405/cmselect/cmtrdind/151/151. df accessed 27th November 2009. ANALYSIS OF THE MANUFACTURING AND SERVICE SECTORS A steady growth rate has been recorded in the service industry while the contribution to the overall GDP from the manufacturing industry has witnessed a steady decline in the last few decades. This has been well documented from various researches carried out but a serious questions still arises from the performance of the service sector and its long term sustainability and effect on the economy. David Liston asked â€Å"what will the services industry be servicing if there is no hardware? The first priority should be to stop treating manufacturing as a relic of the industrial revolution. High-value-added manufacturing brings huge benefits. It penetrates the economy of the entire country, not just London and the south-east. It pays well but avoids bewildering distortions of income. It drives and enables a broad range of skills and stimulates the growth of services. In short, it creates wealth. Curmen P et. al (1997) The UK manufacturing sector continues to decline and the subsequent loss of exports has not been replaced by revenue from the service sector as the government had originally thought. At the same time, the ownership of UK companies by foreigners is increasing and UK companies are continuing to relocate some of their labour intensive operations to low cost economies. The cost of compensating employees who are made redundant when a company in the UK closes is one of the lowest in the European Union. So for multi-national companies with surplus capacity, the UK factories may be selected for closure. There is also a tendency for companies to consolidate research and development in their home country with the consequence that it is lost from the UK. This decline in manufacturing was triggered by some factors: ?Changes in manufacturing and materials technology and consumption patterns which affected a lot of steel, coal ship-building and power generation industries. ?Obsolete and redundant plants and inadequate investment and financial assistance to replace them. ?Diverse and intense competition from low wage nations and newly industrialised economies. ?Resistance to change at all levels of production from management to trade unions. Adverse effect of Government policies both fiscal and monetary on industries. Particularly in high interest rates and fluctuating exchange rates. With David Liston’s question in mind and the fact that service industry has not been able to replace manufacturing industries effectively producing a cushioning effect for the drop in its GDP contribution slump which is evident by the facts below: ? The interdependence on manufacturing industry as shown in the case of the aerospace, further reduction in manufacturing output will adversely affect services output also. Technical progress in manufacturing offers greater prospects of high-wage jobs able to raise standards compared to part-time low wage in the services industry. ?For each 1% decline in export of Britain’s manufacture, an excess of 2. 5% rise in export in required in services to complement the effect. Some policies which cut across all concerned parties from Government to private market solutions have been formulated to help halt the decline in manufacturing. Some of which include: ? Britain’s macroeconomic and industrial policy Improved management in the industrial sector ?A reform of Britain’s institutions ?Greater accumulation of both human and physical capital ?Improved innovation to accommodate mechanisation http://web. ebscohost. com/ehost/pdf? vid=5hid=9sid=537cf987-eae7-4a54-a771-43527c911 1f7@sessionmgr10 accessed on 1st of December 2009. CONCLUSION Divergent analysis from various stakeholders shows the variable effect of manufacturing and service delivery on the national income of Britain. A steady decline in manufacturing was evident and it coincided with the boom How to cite Service Industry vs Manufacturing Industry in the UK, Papers

Analysis of Human Comfort free essay sample

In a building the human comfort is affected by the built-up environment and its design, the lighting, the temperature and the sound levels. If one of these aspects is permanently higher or lower than its acceptable value, the people might not be able to work to the best of their abilities or concentrate in this room. I will analysis and explain the aspects of human comfort with the example of one separate office room where drawing/design work is done.The correct lighting is an important part to ensure human comfort. A specific lighting level must be provided keep the eyes healthy and make sure the person can stay concentrated. Too bright light can harm the eyes over time. The workers wouldnt see well and therefore have a bad orientation in the room, especially reflecting surfaces would irritate them. Constantly staring into, but also being surrounded by, too bright light can cause partial, or even permanent blindness. However, too low light neither has good effects on the workers eyes. The low light level would cause constant straining on ones eyes and make seeing more difficult. This may affect the persons vision badly. Furthermore, workers should always make sure that their computer or phone screen is not brighter than the environment around them, because this is harmful for their eyes as well. Most modern devices offer an Night-Mode, which filters the blue-lights so it can be used in darker environments with less bad effect on the eyes. Together with Adaptive-Brightness, which adjust the screens brightness to the light level in the surrounding area, people dont have to worry about affecting their vision through bad screen lighting. During the day, the day light should be used to create a natural feeling for the workers. The lights used shouldnt be some that produce perceptible heat. Too extreme temperatures may have bad effects on people. Psychological stress can be caused and could make a person more prone to some illnesses. Quick and many temperature changes can affect the ability to work properly. Good ventilation systems should be installed to constantly refresh the air in order to prevent condensation. Condensation arises when water vapour comes in contact with a colder solid surface, which happens at too high temperature. This can cause deterioration of materials or encouraged fungi growth, which increases the heat loss and rises health issue risks. To decrease humidity, the air needs to be refreshed, the temperature shouldnt be changed to much and be lowered, so the water cant vaporize anymore and plants should be removed. To let in some fresh air, the window can be opened for a short time, this will help the concentration of the workers. But of course, the temperature should not be set too low. This would cause shivering and lowers the concentration. To provide a good working experience, a not too cold and not too warm temperature level should retain.In the office it should be fairly silent. It is more comfortable, helps staying concentrated and therefore increases the productivity, and is healthy. All the walls and floors should be extremely good soundproofed, so the workers wont hear things happening in the rooms next to them, above or underneath them. Being constantly in a loud area can harm ones ears and may cause partly or permanent deaf, and can heavily stress someone. Workers should be able to focus on the sound coming from their room.What is also important for human comfort, is the overall design of the room. Of course, design is a matter of taste, but there are some general things which are required for optimal comfort and wellness. The most important here is the room size. A too small room can cause stress or in worst case even depressions, the same applies for the ceilings height. There should be at least one big and tiltable window to be able to let some fresh air in. Ideally there is also a glass wall in order to use the sunlight to brighten up the room during the day. Electrical jalousies could be installed, to let them down if the sunlight dazzles or it has become to hot in the room; they can also be tilted so the room is still exposed. The desk should be placed with the workers weak-hand-side to the glass wall so the daylight can be used when something is written/drawn on paper, otherwise the hand would shadow the sheet which would harm the eyes over time and errors occur easier in the drawings. The computer screen or laptop wouldnt be placed directly next to the glass wall, because the sunlight may warm up the computer too much. The colors of the furniture should be matt and not reflecting. However, at night one would see reflections on glass walls and windows, which could irritate, but curtains could solve the problems. Of course, then the artificial lights would be used. They should be fairly white LEDs mainly exposing the desk (but still the hole room) and not toned too warm or cold, neither have any other colors. Colored light would distract and make things like reading or seeing specific colors difficult. For the walls, bright colors should be used because they, make the room seem bigger, which provides comfort. There shouldnt be any plants in the office. Although they may look beautiful, they can cause condensation. Instead, a good fan can be placed, which can help preventing humidity. Although, a fan isnt necessarily needed when the ventilation is good. The worker ideally would sit with the back facing a wall (with still a bit space behind) and with sight to the entrance. Psychological spoken, subconsciously this makes a person feel safer in case of an attack, because there is more time to react. The same applies to general living. For example, in a bed room one should sleep with the feet nearer the entrance. For safety, smoke detectors need to be installed and in case of an emergency there must be an easy and fast way out of the hole building, lighted if there is a power breakdown.These are things that should be standard for best comfort and wellness. These things are definitely not vitally important, essential or easily affordable, but comfort has always been kind of luxury. Of course, all things count for apartments and houses as well. Although, some things obviously would differ in other rooms. For example, you wouldnt need such big windows and glass walls in a music-studio, there would be normal, good soundproofed walls, because noise in a music-studio is a more important aspect than light. But without the big glassed walls, the warmth of the sun light shining in during the day would go lost. Therefore, one probably would set the temperature in the room slightly higher.